• Plant roots grow underground and take up water and minerals from the soil.
• Roots provide storage for sugars made by the leaves.
• They also help anchor the plant to prevent it from blowing over or washing away.
• Plants may either have a taproot system (one main root that grows downward with several smaller roots growing from the main root) or a fibrous root system (with many threadlike roots, all of which are about the same length).

• Plants can make their own food using energy from sunlight through a process is called photosynthesis.
• Plant leaves convert water and carbon dioxide (a gas found in the air) into sugars called carbohydrates.
• The leaves also release oxygen (a gas found in the air) back into the environment as a result of the process.

• At night, when sunlight is not available for plants to use, they undergo a process called cellular respiration.
• This is the process in which oxygen is used to break down carbohydrates.
• Carbon dioxide and water are released as a result of the process.

• The stems provide support for the leaves and flowers.
• They also transport water and minerals throughout the plant.
• Stems can be herbaceous (soft and green) or woody, and they can be branched or unbranched.

• The xylem transports water from the roots to the stems and leaves.
• As water evaporates through the leaves, the roots take up more water from the soil. This process is called transpiration.
• Phloem transports sugars that were made during photosynthesis from the leaves to the roots and stems.

Flowers are generally brightly colored and come in various shapes and sizes.

• Sepals: when a flower is budding, the sepals surround and protect the developing flower. They also provide support for the flower petals once the flower has opened and is in bloom. They are often green in color.

• Petals: usually brightly colored and surround the reproductive parts of the flower. The colors, shapes, and smells attract pollinators to the plant.

• The male part of the flower is called the stamen.
• The stamen is composed of two structures.
  • Anther: oval shaped structure that produces pollen.
  • Filament: long, thin tube that supports the anther.
• Pollen is the yellow or orange powder found in flowers. It contains a set of genetic material from the male part of the plant.

• The female part of the plant is called the pistil. The pistil can be a single carpel or made of several fused carpels.
• The pistil (or carpel(s)) is composed of three structures.
  • Stigma: sticky structure located at the tip of the pistil. The stigma collects pollen.
  • Style: tube connecting the stigma to the ovary. Pollen travels down the tube after landing on the stigma.
  • Ovary: enlarged structure at the bottom of the pistil. The ovary makes ovules which hold the female genetic material and will later develop into seeds.

• In addition to pollen, flowers contain a sugary liquid called nectar.
• Nectar and pollen provide a source of food and energy for pollinators.
• Many pollinators have a specialized tongue-like mouthpart called a proboscis that is used to collect nectar.

• As the pollinator searches the flower for nectar, pollen from the anthers sticks to the pollinator's body.

• Pollinators visit several flowers from several plants as they search for food.

• As pollinators visit flowers, pollen that was attached to their body from other flowers is deposited onto the sticky stigma.

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• After pollen has been deposited on the sticky stigma, the pollen travels down the tube-shaped style and reaches the ovary.
• The ovary contains ovules.
• When the pollen joins the ovules, fertilization occurs, and seeds are formed.
• The seed contains a protective coat surrounding an embryo, the "baby plant" roots, along with a nutrient source for the embryo.
• The ovary becomes the fruit that protects the seeds.

Seeds contain the new plant (embryo) and nutrients inside of a protective coat. They must be dispersed (moved to a new location).

Once a seed lands in a suitable environment, it will germinate (begin to grow). Small roots will begin growing into the soil, and a small leaf is developed.

The sprout will continue to grow into a seedling, developing a stem and leaves above the ground.

As the seedling continues to grow, it will eventually develop into a mature adult plant. Mature adult plants are able to produce flowers that can be pollinated. The pollination process leads to the formation of new seeds, and the cycle continues.